Ancestry of Oprah Winfrey

Heritage of Oprah Winfrey Oprah Gail Winfrey was conceived in 1954 in rustic Mississippi, the offspring of a relationship between Vernon Winfrey and Vernita Lee. Her folks never wedded, and Oprah spent quite a bit of her childhood being moved between different family members. From her pained adolescence, Oprah Winfrey has developed into a commonly recognized name, making progress as an anchor person, on-screen character, maker, distributer, and dissident. Tips for Reading This Family Tree Original: 1. Oprah Gail WINFREY was conceived on 29 Jan 1954 on in the humble community of Kosciusko, Attala County, Mississippi to Vernon WINFREY and Vernita LEE. Not long after her introduction to the world, her mom Vernita moved north to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and youthful Oprah was left under the watchful eye of her maternal grandma, Hattie Mae Lee. At age six, Oprah left Mississippi to join her mom in Milwaukee. Following a few upsetting, disregarded a very long time with her mom and half-kin, Oprah moved again at 14 years old to join her dad in Nashville, Tennessee. Second Generation (Parents): 2. Vernon WINFREY was conceived in 1933 in Mississippi. 3. Vernita LEE was conceived in 1935 in Mississippi. Vernon WINFREY and Vernita LEE were rarely hitched and their lone youngster was Oprah Winfrey: 1 I. Oprah Gail WINFREY Third Generation (Grandparents): 4. Elmore E. WINFREY was brought into the world 12 March 1901 in Poplar Creek, Montgomery County, Michigan and kicked the bucket on 15 October 1988 in Kosciusko, Attala County, Mississippi 5. Beatrice WOODS was conceived on 18 February 1902 in Kosciusko, Attala County, Mississippi and passed on 1 December 1999 in Jackson, Hinds County, Mississippi. Elmore WINFREY and Beatrice WOODS wedded on 10 June 1925 in Carroll County, Mississippi, and they had the accompanying kids: I. Lee W. WINFREYii. Brister WINFREYiii. Marie WINFREY2. iv. Vernon WINFREY 6. Earlist LEE was brought into the world about June 1892 in Mississippi and passed on in 1959 in Kosciusko, Attala County, Mississippi. 7. Hattie Mae PRESLEY was brought into the world about April 1900 in Kosciusko, Attala County, Mississippi and passed on 27 Feb 1963 in Kosciusko, Attala County, Mississippi. Earlist LEE and Hattie Mae PRESLEY were hitched around 1918 and had the accompanying kids: I. Susie LEE was brought into the world about 1920.ii. Hal LEE was brought into the world about 1922.iii. Willis S. LEE was brought into the world about 1925.iv. Hubert LEE was brought into the world about 1928.3. v. Vernita LEE

How to Calculate Backgammon Probabilities

The most effective method to Calculate Backgammon Probabilities Backgammon is a game that utilizes the utilization of two standard dice.â The shakers utilized in this game are six-sided blocks, and the essences of a kick the bucket have one, two, three, four, five or six pips. During a turn in backgammon a player may move their checkers or drafts as indicated by the numbers appeared on the shakers. The numbers rolled can be part between two checkers, or they can be totaled and utilized for a solitary checker. For instance, when a 4 and a 5 are rolled, a player has two choices: he may move one checker four spaces and another five spaces, or one checker can be moved a sum of nine spaces. To define systems in backgammon it is useful to know some essential probabilities. Since a player can utilize a couple of shakers to move a specific checker, any computation of probabilities will remember this. For our backgammon probabilities, we will address the inquiry, â€Å"When we move two shakers, what is the likelihood of rolling the number n as either an aggregate of two bones, or on at any rate one of the two dice?† Count of the Probabilities For a solitary kick the bucket that isn't stacked, each side is similarly prone to land face up. A solitary pass on structures a uniform example space. There are an aggregate of six results, comparing to every one of the numbers from 1 to 6. Hence each number has a likelihood of 1/6 of happening. At the point when we move two shakers, each pass on is free of the other. On the off chance that we maintain track of the control of what number happens on every one of the shakers, at that point there are a sum of 6 x 6 36 similarly likely results. Accordingly 36 is the denominator for the entirety of our probabilities and a specific result of two bones has a likelihood of 1/36. Moving At Least One of a Number The likelihood of moving two bones and getting at any rate one of a number from 1 to 6 is clear to compute. On the off chance that we wish to decide the likelihood of moving at any rate one 2 with two bones, we have to know what number of the 36 potential results incorporate in any event one 2. The methods of doing this are: (1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6) In this way there are 11 different ways to move in any event one 2 with two shakers, and the likelihood of moving in any event one 2 with two bones is 11/36. There is nothing exceptional around 2 in the first conversation. For some random number n from 1 to 6: There are five different ways to roll precisely one of that number on the first die.There are five different ways to roll precisely one of that number on the second die.There is one approach to roll that number on both bones. Thusly there are 11 different ways to move in any event one n from 1 to 6 utilizing two shakers. The likelihood of this happening is 11/36. Rolling a Particular Sum Any number from two to 12 can be gotten as the entirety of two bones. The probabilities for two shakers are marginally progressively hard to ascertain. Since there are various approaches to arrive at these aggregates, they don't shape a uniform example space. For example, there are three different ways to roll an aggregate of four: (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1), however just two different ways to roll a whole of 11: (5, 6), (6, 5). The likelihood of rolling a whole of a specific number is as per the following: The likelihood of rolling a total of two is 1/36.The likelihood of rolling a total of three is 2/36.The likelihood of rolling a whole of four is 3/36.The likelihood of rolling a total of five is 4/36.The likelihood of rolling an entirety of six is 5/36.The likelihood of rolling a total of seven is 6/36.The likelihood of rolling an aggregate of eight is 5/36.The likelihood of rolling a total of nine is 4/36.The likelihood of rolling a total of ten is 3/36.The likelihood of rolling a total of eleven is 2/36.The likelihood of rolling a total of twelve is 1/36. Backgammon Probabilities Finally we have all that we have to compute probabilities for backgammon. Moving in any event one of a number is fundamentally unrelated from moving this number as an aggregate of two shakers. Hence we can utilize the option rule to include the probabilities together for acquiring any number from 2 to 6. For instance, the likelihood of moving in any event one 6 out of two bones is 11/36. Rolling a 6 as an entirety of two shakers is 5/36. The likelihood of moving in any event one 6 or rolling a six as an aggregate of two shakers is 11/36 5/36 16/36. Different probabilities can be determined along these lines.

An Overview of Disorganized Schizophrenia

An Overview of Disorganized Schizophrenia February 03, 2020 Schizophrenia Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Verywell / Evan Polenghi In This Article Table of Contents Expand Diagnosis Symptoms Onset Causes and Risk Factors Treatment Complications Overall, the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is 0.3 to 0.7 percent, and it is a lifelong disorder that can lead to severe impairments in functioning. Disorganized schizophrenia, also referred to as hebephrenic schizophrenia, based on the Greek term for adolescence, was a subtype of schizophrenia previously recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). In the current version of the DSM (DSM-5, released in 2013), there are no longer subtypes of schizophrenia (previously there was the disorganized type, as well as paranoid, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual types), as it was determined that these were not helpful to clinicians when treating the disorder. However, disorganized symptoms remain one criterion for diagnosing schizophrenia, and some individuals may show more of these types of symptoms than other symptoms of the disorder. In the most general sense, disorganized schizophrenia refers to disorganization of thought processes, behavior, and affect regulation (emotions). Diagnosis Diagnosis of schizophrenia involves a comprehensive set of examinations to rule out other causes of symptoms, including a physical exam, blood count, thyroid assessment, drug and alcohol use assessment, and possibly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT scans for brain lesions or other abnormalities. In addition, a psychological evaluation will be conducted to determine the thoughts, feelings, behavior patterns, family history, and medical history of a patient presenting with symptoms that suggest schizophrenia. Diagnosis is made according to the DSM-5 criteria, which are as follows: A person must present with two or more of the following (at least one of them must be from the first three on the list) for a significant portion of the time over a 1-month period: DelusionsHallucinationsDisorganized speechGrossly disorganized or catatonic behaviorNegative symptoms In addition, the person must show impairment in life functioning, and continuous signs of the disturbance for a period of at least 6 months. Disorganized Symptoms What are the disorganized symptoms in schizophrenia? Simply put, they fall into the third and fourth categories of symptoms listed in the DSM-5 for diagnosing the disorder. A person who is experiencing disorganized schizophrenia may show any of the following symptoms: Problems with routine tasks like dressing, bathing, brushing teethShowing emotions that are not appropriate to the situationBlunted or flat affectImpaired communication ability, including speechProblems with the use and ordering of wordsAn inability to think clearly and respond appropriatelyUse of nonsense words/making up words (neologism)Shifting quickly from one thought to the next without logical connectionsWriting a lot without any meaningForgetting or losing thingsPacing or walking in circlesHaving problems understanding everyday thingsResponding to questions with unrelated answersRepeating the same things over and over againProblems with attaining goals or completing tasksLack of impulse controlFailure to make eye contactChildlike behaviorsSocial withdrawal It is easy to see that the disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia cover a range of issues related to thoughts, speech, behavior, and emotion. Unfortunately, these symptoms interfere with the ability to function both in terms of activities of daily living and communication with others. Onset The peak age of onset of schizophrenia is in the early to mid-20s for men and late 20s for women. Schizophrenia is most commonly diagnosed from adolescence to early adulthood. Because the onset of disorganized symptoms is often gradual and may be attributed to other problems experienced during this time of life, such as trying to adjust to adulthood, the signs of disorganization due to schizophrenia are not always easy to spot. Unfortunately, the prognosis is worse both when schizophrenia begins earlier, and also when treatment is begun later. Causes and Risk Factors We dont know precisely what causes schizophrenia; however, it is believed to result from a combination of biological and environmental factors related to faulty signaling between brain cells and different neurotransmitter systems. In addition, each of the following risk factors has been implicated in the development of the disorder: A family history of schizophreniaA viral infection as a fetus during pregnancy (e.g., influenza, herpes, toxoplasmosis, rubella)Malnutrition as a fetus during pregnancyExperiencing severe stress during your early lifeBeing born to older parentsUsing recreational drugs during adolescence (though this could also be a result of having schizophrenia) Having one or more of these risk factors does not mean that you will necessarily develop schizophrenia. However, showing symptoms of the disorder along with one or more of these risk factors could be a sign that you should be assessed by your doctor to determine whether you meet criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Risk Factors for Schizophrenia Treatment Much like other mental health disorders, the primary treatments for schizophrenia are medication and psychotherapy. As mentioned earlier, earlier diagnosis and treatment mean better outcomes, particularly in the case of disorganized symptoms, because these can have a significant impact on things such as completing education, finding a job, and living independently. Schizophrenia Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Medication Medications for schizophrenia include antipsychotic drugs. In severe cases, a person diagnosed with schizophrenia may need to be hospitalized for stabilization or safety. Medications for the disorder will help to reduce disordered thinking and improve functioning. Some people may also be prescribed antidepressants, mood stabilizers, or anti-anxiety medication alongside antipsychotics for symptoms of schizophrenia. Therapy Talk therapy such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be used in schizophrenia to target specific life problems and to help you develop coping strategies to deal with those problems. Learning to regulate emotions by examining thought processes is one helpful strategy that can be developed through CBT. Find Support With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Electro-Convulsive Therapy (ECT) ECT involves sending an electric current through the brain to provoke a neurochemical release, and may be helpful in those who are also experiencing a risk of suicide or severe depression. Skills Training Skills training for people with disorganized schizophrenia might be used to help you find a job, further your education, or learn how to better communicate with others despite your symptoms. Family Support While not a treatment per se, support from family plays a large role in how well those with schizophrenia will fare. Your family needs to learn about and understand the disorder, as well as learn how best to support you. Complications As with other mental health conditions, there are numerous complications of living with disorganized schizophrenia. Below is a list of just some of the issues that can come with having a diagnosis of this disorder: DepressionRisk of suicideMalnutritionPoor personal hygieneSubstance use to self-medicateUnemploymentPovertyHomelessnessFamily conflictLower educational attainmentInvolvement in crime (potentially as either victim, perpetrator, or both)Poor living conditions (e.g., the inability to keep up with housework)Poor medication compliance Unfortunately, many people with this disorder feel that they dont need medications or can stop taking their medication once their symptoms start to resolve. Disorganized schizophrenia is a lifelong ailment that requires ongoing treatment, and it will return without medication. If you are a person living with schizophrenia, it is important to follow the advice of your doctor regardless of how well you may be feeling. In addition, if you are a family member of someone with schizophrenia, be sure to check on them often and become aware of the signs and symptoms of the disorder that could return if medication is stopped. A Word From Verywell Disorganized schizophrenia involves impairment in daily activities and communication with others. If you suspect that you or someone you know may be living with the symptoms of this disorder, it is important to make an appointment with your doctor for an assessment and diagnosis. Early detection and treatment mean a better prognosis, particularly when a person is living with disorganized thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. Proper treatment in the form of medication and/or therapy is necessary; without treatment from a professional, it is unlikely that the symptoms that are being experienced will go away on their own. What Its Like to Have Schizophrenia

10 Major News Stories of the 2000s

Political Globalization Argumentative Essay Examples

Introduction Political globalization is an increasing trend towards multilateralism. It involves an emerging transnational state apparatus and the emergence of national and international nongovernmental organizations that act as watchdogs over governments have increased their activities and influence. (Moghadam, 2005). The Arizona Immigration Bill left a lot to be desired. The legislatures who drafted the bill argue it out that they had the interest of the country at heart. In real sense there are a lot of issues which remained unearthed and the immigrants were to suffer a lot. The immigrants’ rights were breached and their freedom also taken away from them. The Bill was to offer much benefit to the private prison company bearing in mind the amount of money that they intended to raise from the prisoners. Their main aim was actually to keep the prisons full for years with illegal immigrants and they didn’t have any doubt that this one was to be achieved. The process of locking people alleged to be illegal immigrants shows a lot of breach on the fundamental human freedom as the police can lock up anyone who cannot show nay proof that they entered the country legally. To some extent it would help curb the aliens but at the same time it could be disastrous as the police can take advantage of this directive and round up anybody and get him/her locked into the cells. Bearing in mind what took place behind the scenes that saw the bill drafted, it is clear it was not done as a result of good will and the state’s interest was not put first. The main beneficiaries which were the private prisons influenced the whole process. This clearly indicates that the bill could also be having several loopholes which if not looked into critically, can bring the state to its knees. However, the Bill could be as good as Grand Hyatt said, but considering the circumstances behind is drafting, we can no longer trust it as it put the interest of the private prisons first who are charged with the responsibilities of locking up prisoners. It is a fact that the illegal immigrants have negative effects to the development of a country and they should never be encouraged. The presence of illegal immigrants result into loss of revenue as the government cannot properly plan for the population within its jurisdiction. At the same time, most illegal immigrants evade paying of taxes as there is no proper documentation of their whereabouts. Due to this fact, the illegal immigrants should be discouraged from being in a country through all means possible. Illegal immigrants pose security threats to a country as should not be given a chance to intermingle with the genuine citizens of a state. This is so in order to avoid innocent citizens being intoxicated with the wayward ideas of the illegal immigrants. By having them locked in the Prisons as the Bill demands, the state’s interest is put first and monitoring security situation in the state becomes easy. This also helps in reducing cases of drug trafficking. The main architect behind the drafting of the Arizona Bill, is a professional and sits in the American Legislative Executive Council. However, his credibility is questionable as he tends to be biased in order to benefit other players in the field. He argues openly that there is a lot of revenue that the country can get from the illegal immigrants and he has no doubt that the prisons will be filled with illegal immigrants. This leaves a lot to be desired as the main beneficiary from this is not the government but the private prisons. It emerges clearly from this that the main architect behind the drafting of this bill have shares in the prison industry and want to gain in one way or the other. The author tried to employ the use of propaganda in order to make the whole process of having the bill in place look like it had good intentions. He portrays the illegal immigrants as enemies of a state in terms of economy, security and moral decadence. He goes a head to justify the claims by discussing how much the state loses through unpaid taxes. The claims are true and can easily convince the reader through the facts presented therein. The information presented is distorted in some way. This is due to the fact that the author wanted the illegal immigrants to be paying some daily fee. He also goes ahead to state that he has no doubt that the prisons will be filled with illegal immigrants. He is biased during the drafting of the bill and it is clear that he did not break the information in the house but decided to do it in a hotel. This clearly shows that he was trying to evade some scrutiny from the house and he was only confident to present the report to the house after garnering enough support from the members of the house and being backed up by the business community. The analogies presented here are not faulty as the author is armed with facts when comparing a state that has laws put in place to curb illegal immigrants. He states that unless the Government puts down laws that control the entry of illegal immigrants, then the state is likely to be faced with major problems in the future. The author has oversimplifying the issue of the Arizona Bill on illegal immigrants. He simply states that illegal immigrants are bad and doesn’t give a remedy of curbing their entry. He only tells us on what should be done once they are found to be in the country illegally. The author is trying to stereotype and generalize the whole situation. He proposes for the police to lock up anyone who can not show proof for entering the country legally. He doesn’t advise for measures to be taken and find out the circumstances that may be behind a person being in a country illegally. This issue of generalizing and making assumptions that anyone not having a proof of being in a country legally is an alien can see innocent immigrants locked in prisons which is not being humane. Works Cited list Moghadam, V.M. Globalizing women: Transnational feminist networks. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005 Support our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhood Act. Arizona State

Why We Should Fight the War on Terrorism Free Essays

string(381) " Enhance measures to ensure the integrity, reliability, and availability of critical physical and information-based infrastructures at home and abroad \? Integrate measures to protect US citizens abroad \? Ensure an integrated incident management capability Campaigns of the War on Terror A common misconception the American public makes is that the War on Terror is only in Iraq\." â€Å"Common Sense† A Rationale for the War on Terrorism Preface On September 11, 2001, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts. On this day, our nation united, determined to obliterate the evil force of terrorism from the planet Earth. Now, just eight years later, these same people wish to pardon the acts of evil, disregarding the 2,995 deaths that they united to avenge just a few years before. We will write a custom essay sample on Why We Should Fight the War on Terrorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now So the question lies before us; do we hunt down and punish those responsible for these cowardly acts, or do we ignorantly allow terrorist to revenge the freedoms our founding fathers worked so hard for? Because of the threat caused by terrorist on the United States of America, her citizens should continue to thwart the terrorists’ threats both at home and abroad. Some may wonder why the United States should continue fighting the War on Terror. It must be fought for the safety for our citizens, insurance of our posterity, and preservation of liberty. The ignorance of the American public must not destroy the future of a country that was founded on freedom. The America we live in is a country that has endured much. Ever since the Revolutionary War, our ancestors have defended this country with all their might, so that their descendants may reach the dream we like to call â€Å"The American Dream†. Now it is our turn. The veterans of World War Two fought to defend our country after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Are their sacrifices not made for the same reasons as troops’ today- defending the United States of America? It will take America united to win the war, not just the republicans or democrats. Public Perception of the War In the past century, the American public has become more increasingly active in their government than ever before. In some cases, such as the Watergate Scandal, this is a good thing. In some cases, it isn’t. People never want to admit they are wrong, so therefore they give their opinions on topics they haven’t the slightest knowledge about. The founding fathers foresaw this, and created the Electoral College in attempt to prevent it. The founding fathers did overlook the fact that the peoples’ ignorance could span further than presidential elections. The people of America will never abstain from making a decision, uninformed or not. The people show a lack of understanding of the War on Terror, yet still protest it. They see it as a conspiracy, or an attempt to rejuvenate American Imperialism. They are blind to the fact that every war this country has fought was caused by aggravation of another state. They fail to realize terrorism as the state that can destroy our way of life if not dealt with. The War on Terror is in no way, shape, or form a takeover; it is liberation. It is a liberation years in the making, but starting only now. Foreshadowing the War One thing people tend unable to grasp is that the United States has faced multiple terrorist acts carried out by al-Qaeda. Al-Qaeda became active in 1992 with the coordinated bombings of two hotels in Aden, Yemen. Since then it has expanded greatly. It was responsible for the 1993 bombings of the World Trade Center and attacks on U. S. troops in Mogadishu. It was also responsible for the 1995 bombing of the National Guard Training Center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and the 1996 Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia. Al-Qaeda was directly involved in coordinating the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania, along with the 2000 bombing of the USS Cole in Yemen, and the September 11 attacks. Actions were taken to search for Osama bin Laden (the leader of al-Qaeda) during the Clinton presidency, but were never a priority. So why attack the U. S.? Al-Qaeda’s ideology includes â€Å"ridding the Muslim world of any non-Muslim influences. † On February 23, 1998, Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri, a leader of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, along with three other Islamist leaders, co-signed and issued a fatwa (binding religious edict) calling on Muslims to kill Americans and their allies where they can, when they can. Neither bin Laden nor al-Zawahiri met the traditional qualifications to issue a fatwa of any kind, but their hatred of the United States led them to do so anyway. Before the launch of the War on Terror, al-Qaeda had already killed 3,036 Americans, injured 11,870+ Americans, and cost the United States over $32. 1 billion. The attacks foreshadowing the War on Terror were clearly costly to the United States, and are motifs for fighting the al-Qaeda and other terrorist organizations today. The War Begins The War on Terror began on October 7, 2001. In the words of former president George W. Bush, â€Å"Our war on terror begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated. President Bush outlined the following as objectives for the War on Terror: ? Defeat terrorists such as Osama Bin Laden, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and destroy their organizations ? Identify, locate and destroy terrorists along with their organizations ? Deny sponsorship, support and sanctuary to terrorists ? End the state sponsorship of terrorism ? Establish and maintain an international stand ard of accountability with regard to combating terrorism ? Strengthen and sustain the international effort to fight terrorism ? Work with willing and able states ? Enable weak states ? Persuade reluctant states ? Compel unwilling states ? Interdict and disrupt material support for terrorists ? Eliminate terrorist sanctuaries and havens ? Diminish the underlying conditions that terrorists seek to exploit ? Partner with the international community to strengthen weak states and prevent (re)emergence of terrorism ? Win the war of ideals ? Defend US citizens and interests at home and abroad ? Implement the National Strategy for Homeland Security ? Attain domain awareness Enhance measures to ensure the integrity, reliability, and availability of critical physical and information-based infrastructures at home and abroad ? Integrate measures to protect US citizens abroad ? Ensure an integrated incident management capability Campaigns of the War on Terror A common misconception the American public makes is that the War on Terror is only in Iraq. You read "Why We Should Fight the War on Terrorism" in category "Papers" Former President Bush clearly defined that the War on Terror does not end until we destroy all terrorist groups of global reach and prevent their re-emergence. The War on Terror is currently being fought in Iraq, Afghanistan, The Philippines, The Horn of Africa, The Mediterranean, Maghreb, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Thailand, Somalia, Israel, Lebanon, Gaza Strip, Nigeria, and North Caucasus (among others). Every campaign of the War on Terror is vital to achieve the war’s objectives. Operation Enduring Freedom The term â€Å"OEF† typically refers to the war in Afghanistan. Some operations are only loosely or nominally connected to OEF. All the operations, however, have a focus on counterterrorism activities. The operations included in OEF are all crucial to the global uproot of terrorist. These operations also are vital to the accomplishment of the objectives outlined for the War on Terror. OEF comprises several subordinate operations: ? Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan Iraq (OEF-A) ? The Goals of OEF-A are simply to remove the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, and destroy al-Qaeda’s presence their. On October 7, 2001, American and British forces began aerial bombings campaigns targeting al-Qaeda and Taliban force. After the last Taliban-held city in the north was captured, most of the Taliban of the north retreated to Pakistan. The Taliban regime of Afghanistan was removed on November, 2001. In December, 2001, U. S. , British, and Northern Alliance forces united to further destroy Taliban and al-Qaeda in The Battle of Tora Bora. On March 1, 2002, Operation Anaconda, an operation intended to destroy Taliban and al-Qaeda in the area, began and lasted until March 18th. It was largely successful, with American troops killing over half of the 1,000 fighters. Since then, operations to removing the growing Taliban insurgency have occurred. The Taliban still holds influence in many regions, and needs to be destroyed in order to prevent another regime. OEF-A is probably the most active subordinate operation contained in OEF. People tend to take for granted that without more troops operating here, the insurgency could grow faster than it can be removed. The problem with this is once the insurgency is la rge enough, the Taliban could regain control. Afterwards, the Taliban, angry at the United States, would sponsor al-Qaeda more than ever. Catastrophic events, such as a larger magnitude duplicate of the September 11th attacks, could result. Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines (OEF-P) ? In January, 2002, 1,200 members of United States Special Operations Command, Pacific (SOCPAC) were deployed to the Philippines to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) in removing the al-Qaeda, Jemaah Islamiyah and Abu Sayyaf terrorist organizations from the islands. The operations were successful, and OEF-P is expected to end in 2010. ? To some, the correlation between OEF-P and the War on Terror are unclear. This, like OEF-A, helps accomplish several of the objectives for the war. Even if we destroy al-Qaeda in every other part of the world, if we don’t remove it from the Philippines it could reform. Al-Qaeda can be compared to a cancer. If not completely removed, it can regenerate worse than ever. ? Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA) ? Anti piracy operations were undertaken by the coalition throughout 2006 through a battle fought in March that was caused by U. S. ships being attacked by pirates. In January 2007, during the war in Somalia, an airstrike was conducted against al-Qaeda members embedded with forces of the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) operating in southern Somalia. US naval forces were positioned off the coast of Somalia to provide support and to prevent any al-Qaeda forces escaping by sea. Actions against pirates also occurred in June and October 2007 with varying amounts of success. ? OEF-HOA may not be as important as the other subordinate operations, but it is still important. Piracy has plagued the world long before the formation of the United States. Following the 2006 piracy events, the United States felt it necessary to fight piracy as a form of terrorism. This was reinforced after the recent Somali piracy attacks. ? Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS) OEF-TS is an operation conducted by the United States and partner nations in the Sahara/Sahel region of Africa, consisting of counterterrorism efforts and policing of arms and drug trafficking across central Africa. Congress approved $500 million for the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative (TSCTI) over six years to support countries involved in counterterrorism against alleged threats of Al Qaeda operating in African countries, primarily Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Nigeria, and Morocco. ? OEF-TS is fought for all the same reasons as OEF-P. If al-Qaeda reforms after its destruction, the United States would face catastrophic events. ? Operation Enduring Freedom – Kyrgyzstan (completed in 2004) ? Kyrgyzstan was basically an operation to clear out al-Qaeda forces so that Operation Enduring Freedom Allies could use Kyrgyzstan as a base in central Asia. Operation Active Endeavor Operation Active Endeavour is a naval operation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It operates in the Mediterranean Sea and is designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general. Operation Iraqi Freedom Operation Iraqi Freedom is an ongoing military campaign which began on March 20, 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a coalition, led by troops from the United States and the United Kingdom. Prior to the operation, the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom claimed that Iraq’s alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) posed an imminent threat to their security and that of their coalition allies. The invasion of Iraq led to an occupation and the eventual capture of President Hussein, who was later executed by the new Iraqi government. Violence against coalition forces and among various sectarian groups soon led to the Iraqi insurgency, strife between many Sunni and Shia Iraqi groups, and al-Qaeda operations in Iraq. In late February 2009, President Barack Obama announced an 18-month withdrawal window for combat forces, leaving behind 30,000 to 50,000 troops to advise and train Iraqi security forces and to provide intelligence and surveillance. General Ray Odierno, the top US military commander in Iraq, said he believes all US troops will be out of the country by the end of 2012, while British forces ended combat operations on April 30, 2009. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki has said he supports the accelerated pullout of US forces. Arguments for Fighting the War on Terror After being briefed on the War on Terror, one could assume that the majority of the American public would support the war. Americans, out of ignorance, choose to protest that in which they know nothing about. There are several benefits for continuation of the War on Terror, and many consequences for a sudden withdraw. Homeland Security Following the terrorist attacks of September 11th, protection of the country from further attacks was among the highest priorities. Acts, such as creation of the United States Department of Homeland Security and USA PATRIOT Act, strengthened the nation greatly. To date, no attacks by Islamic terrorists on the US homeland have been successful since September 11, 2001 (although several were attempted). At times we take for granted the fact that our actions against terrorism since September 11th have decreased the likeliness of another attack. If the United States withdraws its armed forces from the War on Terror, organizations such as al-Qaeda can rebuild and prepare a counter-attack. You pose a very important question that will impact future American generations. Sarcastically, I could say that we shouldn’t open any new battle fronts against terrorism or terrorists. We should, as the Democrats, appear to invite, tuck our tails and withdraw from every foreign soil where America is trying to thwart terrorism. Then, let’s wait until they conduct suicide bombing attacks on our soil killing innocent men, women and babies, as they attend a movie. But if we wait, it’ll be too late to do what we are doing now — take the fight to them, and have it in their backyard, not ours. — DeWane (a FOX News Fan) International Influence The United States of America has only lost two of the nineteen wars/invasions it has fought. This means the U. S. A. ’s military success rate is at 90%. With this high success rate, it can use military force as a threat towards nations/organizations that oppose it. If the United States decides to withdraw from the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, then its success rate will fall to 81%. This leads to other countries thinking that our threats of military action aren’t serious. Conclusion The War on Terrorism is a war needing fought. People, regardless of ethnicity, political party, or even nationality, need to unite once more. The people of the United States of America, nay the people of the planet Earth, need to unite to destroy these terrorist groups that plague the world in which we inhabit. In the words of the current president of the United States, Barrack Obama, â€Å"We are in the early stages of a long struggle. Yet since 9/11, we’ve heard a lot about what America can’t do or shouldn’t do or won’t even try. We can’t reach out to the hundreds of millions of Muslims who reject terror because we worry they hate us. We can’t protect the homeland because there are too many targets, or secure our people while staying true to our values. We can’t get past the America of Red and Blue, the politics of who’s up and who’s down. That is not the America that I know. The America I know is the last, best hope for that child looking up at a helicopter. It’s the country that put a man on the moon; that defeated fascism and helped rebuild Europe. It’s a country whose strength abroad is measured not just by armies, but rather by the power of our ideals, and by our purpose to forge an ever more perfect union at home. That’s the America I know. We just have to act like it again to write that next chapter in the American story. If we do, we can keep America safe while extending security and opportunity around the world. We can hold true to our values, and in doing so advance those values abroad. And we can be what that child looking up at a helicopter needs us to be: the relentless opponent of terror and tyranny, and the light of hope to the world. To make this story reality, it’s going to take Americans coming together and changing the fundamental direction of this country. It’s going to take the service of a new generation of young people. It’s going to take facing tragedy head-on and turning it into the next generation’s triumph. That is a challenge that I welcome. Because when we do make that change, we’ll do more than win a war — we’ll live up to that calling to make America, and the world, safer, freer, and more hopeful than we found it. † â€Å"America was not built on fear. America was built on courage, on imagination and an unbeatable determination to do the job at hand. †-Harry S. Truman How to cite Why We Should Fight the War on Terrorism, Essays

Foundations of Bible Based Christ Worldview for Holy Trinity

Question: Write about theFoundations of Bible Based Christ Worldview for Holy Trinity. Answer: Description The main topic of description in this book is the fact how much the God loves the human beings. It is a known thing that the human beings are considered as the children of God and God created them in His own image. In this context, it can be said that the God is the father of all the human beings. Therefore, he has to play the role of a proper father as he takes care of all the children and protects them from all the evils. God is considered to be a part of the Holy Trinity in the Christianity (Noble, 2013). The book talks about the great painting of Stedelijk Museum that is titled as Man, but it is to be countered that the original name of the painting of Karel Apples work was My Father. Generally, the human beings see God as a loving father and bestow utmost love and respect for Him. It is believed by the human beings that the God is an impersonal being who is very hard to be seen or known by a human being personally (Bass, 2012). Sunday is considered to be the day for the mass prayer of God in the churches and everyone prays to Him seriously for their well-being and the peace in the entire world. In this book a new point has been added to look at the God. Most of the people desire to build a strong relationship with Him but it all goes in vain as He cannot be seen by the human beings (Borg Wright, 2014). This book tells that the God has created in His image but in a smaller scale than His. The message of God is love all the fellow human beings but not to hate them and engage them in hating and killing each other. The earth is the creation of the God and He sent the human beings into earth to protect His creation (Milne, 2012). The true father of human beings God had sent the human beings to spread love and respect all over but the selfishness of the human beings has prevented the human beings from being that kind of beings. God has always cared for the human beings and gave them all sorts of freedom that they can expect. The selfishness is an evil that has restricted the human beings from doing the common good for the human society (Kastenbaum, 2015). The book depicts the things why the people in this world always fall into sins. However, this book is not properly addressed to sexuality but discusses the fact that human beings have to manage themselves before conducting anything. After reading this book, it can be said that God is very much affectionate for the human beings since as well as His Son, Jesus Christ (Kasper, 2012). One of the most reasons for the committing of sin is the grief among the human beings. The author has again and again put focus on the sorrows of the human beings and said that these sorrows can be easily healed by God (Noble, 2013). Analysis In this purpose, the purpose is to analyze the different themes of the book. The main things that the book deals with are the sinfulness of the human beings and the healing power of the God. It has been believed that the emotional wounds that the children suffer in their childhood. This becomes a big barrier for them in order to understand the power of God and His benevolence (Johnson, 2015). He indeed takes care of all His children but some have experienced the contrary things. This has become a hollow place in their lives. In the times of remembering God, many people call Him to be the God but some people hesitate to call Him so because He is invisible and those human beings cannot see Him. This would be very much embarrassing for the human beings because they feel uncomfortable for the human beings to call someone father whom they even cannot see (Johnson, 2015). In Bible, it has been depicted and said that God has given the human beings the power to call the people to be His children who have believed in Him and believed that He has all the powers to control the activities of the human beings (Fee Stuart, 2014). The children of God must believe that Jesus came into this earth as the son of God and he was crucified by the betrayers and then he was resurrected. This incident proves that Jesus was resurrected to free the mankind of their sins. The broken spirit of the human beings has resisted themselves from fully believing the existence of God. Any person who has been brought up in his home and family as a forgotten one and the most ignored one, gets a feeling that he is no longer needed in this world. Thus he also believes that no good can be done to him in this context. So, he becomes desolate and tries to find the way to escape from this earthly creation of God (Edwards, 2014). Then comes the turn of God to save him from this static condi tion and give him a proper life to lead and escape from life is not a proper way to end the miseries. A person who has been tortured by his or her father from childhood starts to become afraid of the father and does not respond to the father in a proper way. This is where the emotional wounds or the broken spirit comes into play. The stories of Michal, David and others have revealed the fact that the human beings must not be engaged in committing selfish acts just because they had been victims of the same. Jesus has described the God to be merciful, compassionate, kind, forgiving and a loving father (Talbott, 2014). This is why God never disappoints any of His followers; rather he embraces each of them by forgiving their sins and led them to the way of salvation (Parton, 2015). Jesus was believed to be God in the form of a human being. The story that is narrated in the book about the Jewish children, whose mothers wanted that Jesus should bless their children, puts forth the belief that Jesus has always taken care of His children, either invisibly or in the form of a human being as w ell. Personal reflection In this segment, I would like to venture my points of view about the topic of the book. As the topic of the book goes about the relevance of God as a loving father, I must say that God exists and He takes care of all His children in a positive way. He may take tests of patience and endurance of His followers and He wants to see how they behave in the cases of complexity. I think this will be very much justified for the followers of God to pass through this endurance test. I have read the book thoroughly enough to understand that the God is very much benevolent and looks after all the miseries of the human beings and tries to solve them. His aim is to drive the activities of the human beings in such a way that they can attain salvation. Jesus was believed to be the God himself as well as the Son of God. The incidents that he came up with prove that his heart was filled with pity and compassion. As the Jewish people hated the Samaritans, Jesus spoke to a Jewish woman who was thought to be the despicable person. I think through this act of kindness, God sent his message that He cares for every human being. I have also read examples from the Bible where Jesus has spread His love throughout the world. This works as the evidence for the God to shower His blessings and sympathy for all of the human beings in the same manner. The treatment of Jesus to the Samaritan woman has reflected us the way in which we never thought of seeing God. The benevolence of God has been reflected in the way god has been represented in this story. I believe God has kept some positive things for each and everyone in this world. Those positive points have to be found out by committing good deeds and not committing any sins. The sinfulness of the human beings leads them towards damnation. The human beings have to do the best things by the virtue of which they will be relieved of their sins. They must get rid of their evil intentions in real time and get indulged in doing well for the entire humanity. I think the human beings begin their lives as the little children who are entirely dependent on the others. This dependence shoves away slowly as they get matured and get adults. I believe that God designed the lives of the human beings in a way that the little children should grow up and feel the love of their fathers. This fact will be reflected as they begin to blessings of love from God by getting good results in the works they undertake. I should conclude this paper by saying that God is benevolent and takes care of all His children. References Bass, D. B. (2012). Christianity After Religion.San Francisco. Borg, M. J., Wright, N. T. (2014).The Meaning of Jesus. HarperCollins e-Books. Edwards, D. (2014).Breath of life: A theology of the Creator Spirit. Orbis Books. Fee, G. D., Stuart, D. (2014).How to read the Bible for all its worth. Zondervan. Johnson, E. A. (2015).Abounding in Kindness: Writings for the People of God. Orbis Books. Kasper, W. (2012).The God of Jesus Christ: New Edition. Bloomsbury Publishing. Kastenbaum, R. (2015).Death, society, and human experience. Routledge. McClung, F. (2004).The father heart of God. Harvest House Publishers. Milne, B. (2012).Know the truth: A handbook of Christian belief. intervarsity press. Noble, T. A. (2013).Holy Trinity: Holy people: the theology of Christian perfecting. Wipf and Stock Publishers. Parton, K. (2015).Salvation Damnation. Lulu. com. Reynolds, N. (2015). Discourses of love, compassion, and belonging: Reframing Christianity for a secular audience.Journal of Contemporary Religion,30(1), 39-54. Talbott, T. (2014).The Inescapable Love of God. Wipf and Stock Publishers.

Beowulf A Noble King Essays - Literature, Fiction, Beowulf, Film

Beowulf ? A Noble King The epic poem Beowulf describes the noblest king of the Anglo-Saxon times, Beowulf. Beowulf is a man who demonstrates all the good qualities of a king, this can be seen by just looking at what he has accomplished. Beowulf is a man who was loyal, powerful, and charitable. Beowulf was loyal to his promises and his country. When he decides to kill Grendel for King Hrothgar he doesn't back down even after the stories he's heard. After he has killed him the Danes still need him, so he kills Grendel's mother. He was very dedicated to what he did and he never gave up. "We crossed the sea to come here; it is time to return, to go back to our beloved lord, Higlac." (1818-1820). After he has killed the monsters and earned glory he knows he must go back to his country, because that is where he belongs and who he represents. Towards the end he proves his love for the Geats when he faced the fire-blowing dragon. Deep down he knows this will be his last fight, but he does it for the good of his country, A noble king has also got to be powerful something which he proves by killing numerous times. Beowulf is strong enough to kill Grendel, who has been terrorizing the Danes for a long time, by using only his hands and ripping off Grendels arm. Defeating Grendel, he shows that a man, without armor and weapons, can defeat evil in any form. When Beowulf is fighting Grendel's mother, who is seeking revenge on her son's death, he is able to slay her by slashing her neck with a sword that can only be lifted by a person as strong as Beowulf. When Beowulf fights the fire- blowing dragon he knows this will most likely be his last battle, nevertheless he doesn't give up. With a little help from his cousin he kills it. "And Beowulf drew his battle-sharp dagger: the blood-stained old king stll knew what he was doing. Quickly, he cut the beast in half, slit it apart. It fell, their courage had killed it . . ." (2702-2706). Beowulf was a very charitable man. He gave treasure whenever possible. "Beowulf has brought his king horses and treasure-as a man must . . . And Beowulf gave Welthow's gift, her wonderful necklace, to Higd, Higlac's queen . . ." (2165/2172). This demonstrates that after he got the treasures for killing Grendel he went back to his country and gave them the treasures that were his. After he had became king he gave his men treasures, armor and swords. These were all gifts to them because they said they would always stand up for him and their country. "Then that brave king gave the golden necklace from around his throat to Wiglaf, gave him his gold-covered helmet, and his rings, and his mail shirt, and ordered him to use it well . . ." (2809-2813). He gave his most precious belongings to his cousin when his death was near. Beowulf is the prime example of a noble king. His bravery and strength surpass all mortal men. He gave all that he could for his people. There could not have been a more nobler man or king than Beowulf. He achieved glory very early on in his life. He set a noble example for all human beings, relating the necessity of brotherhood and friendship.

Organizational Behavior Essay Example

Organizational Behavior Essay Example Organizational Behavior Essay Organizational Behavior Essay One of the most important subject in each organization is the measurement of the effectiveness of the communication between the employee and their mangers. In other word the more effective In communication you are the more productive involvement you will create as a manger. These are the three aspect I would focus on In these research: verbal communication, nonverbal communication. And the written. Also I would discusses some barriers that effect the communication in the organization. The verbal communication is the central what best of us do and It could be writing or speaking, for example all of the debate between our president or the meeting, face to face, telephone conversation or even the interviews is verbal, therefore, the verbal communication is the most Important type of communication. Since we born the first thing we try to learn Is the verbal communication and we do It step by step till we become good at it. However As business major knowing the verbal communication is not enough I have to prepare my self to be a provisional at it. I remember when I use to work at Saudi Telecoms company as assistant to a general manger I have met many CEO from all over the world such as the CEO for Oracle company in the middle east and many others I remember some of them they came with their assistant or other employee and the reason was because the mangers were not good at negotiations or presentation at that time I did not notice the important of having a professional skill in communication and how it can persuade others but now I complicit new the important of it and I would mention the nine way to improve verbal communication according to Illumine. O. UK 1- read more the reason it says the more the person read the more he/she can express her self better by having more vocabulary which Is make sense I remember when I use to go to the English program back in 2008 every time I learn a new vocabulary I could express myself better and in the business world the more vocabulary the person have the more he/she can persuade people o r at least sound dedicated. The second way it says Think about the rods and it means go down to the level of the audiences in other word now your audiences, for example do not use very old language or big vocabulary in the front of forefinger company because they will not understand and some time they will not ask what does this word means. The teller way Is prepare before for speaking and that means the speaker should spend time thinking about what he/she would say and what is the best way of saying it, for example if he/she would talks about globe worming he/she should bring fact and organized the idea as much as possible. The fourth one is listen and be interested and that means show emanation during the conversation for example if one of the audiences ask question act if It important Arabic it says the man has tow ears and one mouth and that means he/she should lotion more than talk. The fifth one it says be aware of non-verbal communication traps: and that means the presenter or the speaker should be a area of his movement, tone, or even his body language because the people are watching you and making Judgment more than listing therefore,

The Impact of Market Orientation, Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

The Impact of Market Orientation, Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example Most companies that are market-oriented avoid getting into trouble because they spend most of the time with their customers thereby gaining a lot of information from the customers. Indeed the relationship that coexists between the business performance and the market orientation are quite a powerful one. For instance, those businesses that exhibit strong interrelationship between the business performance and the MO have experienced success and the growth of the market share (Appiah-Adu and Ranchho, 1998). While the competitor and customer orientation can have the significant and positive impact on the overall MO, only the customer orientation can have the significant and positive impact on the business performance. From the managerial perspective, the measurements scales can be used in assessing the firm’s level of the MO and appropriately identify the â€Å"bottlenecks† in the intra-organizational information flows. For this course, the transformation of the business from the MO to the business performance is a rather a more complex phenomenon due to the interventions from the other factors during the process of transformation (Slater and Narver, 1995; Han et al., 1998; Baker and Sinkula, 1999). Successful organizations create the organizational culture that encourages its employees feel dedication and commitment to the organization. Corporate social responsibility initiatives are one way of achieving this. Besides giving the employees the invaluable feeling towards making enormous contribution to the organization, it also offer other positive effects to the business as well. Innovation in the managerial and organizational practices suggest that new and improved ways of enhancing the CSR via the rebuilding the relationship between the organizations and the community while enhancing the understanding of the social capital that found in the social environment that the

Analysis of P&G 2010 Annual Report Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analysis of P&G 2010 Annual Report - Term Paper Example They were encouraged by their father-in-law to do a business together which they finally pursued and agreed to a joint venture after some years. Procter brought with him, his candle-making expertise while Gamble who was an experienced soap-maker offered his services. The company started off by selling candles and soap in the Ohio area. It became more of a family business when Procter’s eldest son went on to become the president of the corporation in 1890. Gamble’s eldest son, inducted the first ever laboratory in the company’s history giving it its first ever Ivory soap. As of 2010, the company is manufacturing and selling 81 different brands. They range from budget and household items for instance detergents and pampers to designer lines for instance Dolce and Gabbana and Burberry 5. As of 2009, the company garnered $79 billion in revenue. Of this $13 billion was in net earnings and this gave the company an earning margin of 14.3%. In 2008, the net revenues were 81.7 billion dollars. Procter and Gamble had also been in the news recently for their acquisition of Ambi Pur from the Sar Lee corporation for 320 million Euros. Procter and Gamble provides consumer packaged goods. Its products are sold in more than 180 countries through mass merchandisers, grocery stores, drug stores, high frequency stores, neighborhood stores and membership club stores. These stores different consumer in developing marketings. P & G conducts on-ground operations in approximately 80 countries. As of June 30, 2010, the company had three Global Business Units: Beauty and Grooming, Health and Well Being and Household care. 16% of its total revenue comes from sales to Wal-Mart. The company takes pride in focusing on strategies that they believe are right for the long-term health of the Company. They plan on increasing their organic sales from 1% to 2% faster than the market growth in categories in which they compete.

Importance of Organization Behaviour in Modern Business

Importance of Organization Behaviour in Modern Business INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR Organizational Behavior is the identification, analyzing and application of knowledge about how individuals and groups act in organizations. It interprets people-organization relationships in terms of the person, group, organization, and whole social system. Objective of it is to build better relationships by achieving people objectives, organizational objectives, and social objectives. It encompasses a wide range of areas, such as human behavior, Training and development, change management, leadership, teams, Group behavior etc. In the study of organizational behavior is helpful in gaining a complete understanding of the business. It is not the study of how organizations behave, but rather the study of individual behavior in an organization. This includes the study of how individuals be have alone as well as in groups. The main focus of the organizational behavior is to obtain a greater understanding of those factors which influence individual and group dynamics in an organization. Therefore individuals and the groups and organizations to which they belong may become more efficient and effective. Organizational behavior research is ultimately focused at providing human resource management professionals with the information and techniques which they need to select, train, and retain employees in a fashion which gives maximum benefit for the individual employee and for the organization. Organizational behavior is a modern interdisciplinary field. It draws most heavily from the psychological and sociological sciences and it also looks to other scientific fields. The interdisciplinary approach is used because the field of organizational behavior involves multiple levels of analysis, which are necessary to understand behavior within organizations as people influence their environment as well as people are influenced by their environment. The business organization based on vales, missions , visions, objectives, goals and management philosophy which drives formal or informal organizations towards culture social environment The culture decides the type of leadership, group dynamics, communication, within the business organization. The employee perceives this as the quality of work type which leads their quantity of motivation, which will benefited to employee performance, individual satisfaction, and personal development and growth. The combination of all above elements will lead to build the model that the organization operates from. Following are the main features of the organization behavior Organization behavior analyzing the relationship between organization, individual and the group. It more concern about people attitudes, perception, feelings, learning capabilities and specific objectives goals.(Distinctly humanistic orientation) It consists of different techniques, methods theories to evaluate the performances. (Multidisciplinary) It provides vital answers to questions which arise when managing organization. It analyses the factors influence the performance of a organization and describe the way of improve the performance. It uses the scientific method to analyze the performance which helps to identify the variables and relationships. It creates to achieve the path of business needs as it is concern in understanding of organization processes and skills. Factors Influence the Organization Behavior The feathers of people at work- attitudes, individual Differences, attributes, roles of the people and direction The way people are motivated Organizational commitment Employment engagement process The way organizations factions Culture of the organization Models of Organizational Behavior There are four main models organizations operate out of, Autocratic, Custodial, Supportive, and Collegial: Autocratic this model is power with the management. The employees are oriented towards obedience and dependence on the boss. The performance result is minimal. Custodial this model is monetary resources with a managerial direction of wealth. The employees in turn are leaning towards security and reimbursement and dependence on the organization. The outcome is passive cooperation. Supportive this model is leadership with a managerial direction of support. The employees are leaning towards job performance and contribution. The member of staff need that is met is status and appreciation. The performance outcome is awakening drive. Collegial this model is related with a managerial direction of teamwork. The team also work oriented towards responsible behavior and self-discipline. The performance result is moderate Even though there are several models, most of the organizations used combination of above models. The organizational behavior does not depend upon deductions based on gut feelings where as trying to collect details, information for issue in a scientific manner under controlled situations. It provides information for the findings so that the behavior of personnel and group could be canalized as desired. Majority of psychologists, social scientists and have carried out research on various aspects related to organization behavior. Job satisfaction and individual performance are determinants of achievement of employee and organizational goals. Organizations are set up to fulfill the requirement of the people. In modern competitive world, the organizations should have growth task-oriented which can achieve at the time of productivity is ensured with zero defect in quality. Employee turnover and absenteeism has a negative impact on efficiency and productivity. It is required to motivate retained the skill workers by enhancing the job satisfaction. In formal structure of organization all divisions have to function in a coordinated manner to accomplish the organizational goals, vision and objectives. Due to that it is require maintaining positive attitude towards work. Also it is more valuables for managers to develop the suitable work culture by using authority, delegation of certain powers to team members. Benchmarking, re-engineering, job re-design and empowerment are some of the valuables factors. LEADERSHIP Leadership is most important aspect of organizational behavior which can be define as ability to influence, motivate others to achieve the set of organizational objectives or goals. In todays context the managers now are leaders of their groups, their divisions. Event though it may require certain specialist knowledge, the human relations part of the management job. Currently People have more flexibility and more options in their careers, which are them selves more fluid, so keeping employee motivated is very important, due to that Leadership is also important in attempting to minimize employee dissatisfaction. Leadership consists of the effective process of delegation and empowerment. Broad classification of leadership styles There are several dimensions to leadership style and different ways of describing leadership styles such as, bureaucratic, benevolent, charismatic, dictatorial, unitary consultative, participative and abdicator. The different types of managerial leadership towards subordinate staff can be classified in following heading. Authoritarian style which focus on all interactions within the group move towards the manager due to power is with the manager, in this style manager him selves exercises decision-making and authority for determining policy, procedures and regulations for achieving set of objectives. Eg- The employees achieve the task will be given rewards others who have not achieved punishments. Chemanex group allocating certain objective to be achieved by each employee for a given time, then evaluate the performance based on the task achieved. Evaluation as follows Marks Category 81-100 Excellent 61-80 Good 41-60 Average Employee who perform excellently, entitle 4 month bonus, good category 3 months, average category 2.5monthe less than average No bonus at all. It shows how above style is applicable in todays context. Democratic style leadership functions are shared with other staff of the group and the leader and focus of power is more with the group as a whole and there is high integration within the group. All members have a high decision-making, determination of policy and procedure. Eg- Janashakthi Insurance organize the foreign trips based on high performance team for the year .Laissez-faire style manager are observing that subordinate of the team are working well independently. The manager, enhance them freedom of doing the objectives to carry out they think best and without interfering where as it is required to provide support if help is needed. Where as some confusion over this style, since the word of Genuine is emphasized since which is contrasted with the manager who could not care, of results keeps away from the problem points and manager does not want to get involved. Eg; Vertusa -Employee has given the freedom to achieve the certain task Most of the organization having combinations of above styles employees are not interest to work under the 100% authoritarian style There are 4 main types of leadership behavior available in accordance with goal path theory Directive Leadership- Which consist of the way of directing to the subordinates to achieve the goals by considering rules regulations. Eg- This model applicable in the most of the government organization (The Department head is giving the instructions for its subordinates achieve the task with in the circulars or based on government rules policies. Supportive leadership which consist of open and reachable manner and displaying the needs and welfare of subordinate. Participative leadership which consists of consult with their subordinates and the evaluation of opinions and different ideas before the manager makes the final decision. Achievement-oriented leadership consist of setting demanding goals for subordinates, looking for development in their performance and show confidence in subordinates ability to perform well. Leader should identify the people capability, proper execution and continuous improvement People capability It includes setting up the ability, competencies and skills required for the modern world, and how to accomplish those requirements, including competencies evaluation, gap analysis, job and role definitions and career development. Those will lead the modern business is key to the success of this activity. Execution This consists of delivery of the new model. It includes both hard deliverables in the form of project plans, progress reports and budget variances, stakeholder management and soft deliverables in the form of communications Continuous Improvement This consists of measuring the effectiveness of performances and which ensure opportunities for the further improvements. Balance score card, Reward alignment and performance management are the key methods of evaluating the performances Every organization the leadership should delegate the authorities to subordinates by considering the capability of the employees leader should lead the team, motivated, review the out come , continuous training evaluate the performance. GROUP BEHAVIOR The basic character of a group is that its members regard themselves as belonging to the group. Although there is no exact definition for group it can be defined as follows. A set of people who interact with one another are psychologically aware of one another; and perceive them selves to be a group. Simply a group can be define as a set of people who share most following characteristics a definable membership; group awareness; interdependence; common purpose; interaction; and ability to act in a unitary manner. A social system contains all the people in system and their relationships to each other and to the external world. It is a complex set of human relationships interacting in many ways. The behavior of individual affect on the behavior of others directly or indirectly. Groups has basic feature of the working style of any organization. Group Members as well as the managers must co-operate each other to carry out works to achieve objectives of the organization as well as the individuals. Group pressures influence over the performance of the organization as well as the individual members of the organization. Group performance id directly related with the leadership which influence the behavior of the group members. Pleasant working relationships and good teamwork help to improve the morale of employees and work performance. Successful teamwork is a basic feature of modern management practices such as total quality management, empowerment, quality circles and change management. Teamwork is very important as it increases the competitiveness power of the organization in following ways; increase the productivity improve quality encourage innovation motivate employees and improve their commitment TRAINING DEVELOPMENTS Employee training is most important aspect in any organization. Employees are key assts of the organization there are is direct relationship with organizational performance employee performances. As a result of that employee should improve the skills, capabilities, and strength to compete with technological global changes. Due to that employee should develop following skills, Computer skills: employee should develop computer skills which is most important to negotiate with global environment. Customer service: In today customer satisfaction is most key area of business environment due to high competition of global market, due to that it is required to give proper training. Diversity: It consist of explanation about how people have different views and perspectives, and includes methods to value diversity Ethics: It consists of a view about social and corporate responsibility. Further, todays employees bring a wide variety of values and morals to the organization. Human relations: Presently organizational employees work under pressure more stress on work load. Therefore there may be lots of misunderstandings and conflicts. Proper training will minimized the unnecessary conflict misunderstandings. Quality initiatives: It consist of basic training requirement about the quality concepts, Guidance for qualities, procedures Eg; benchmarking, Total Quality Management, Quality Circles.. Safety: Safety training is more important specially for the employees undertaking risk jobs eg: working with heavy equipment , chemicals, Fuel, gas or Electricity related employments Most of the organization has given safety equipments when doing the risk operations Eg Hayleys ADC PLC operating chemical related productions employees are given safety manual, safety equipments proper training Sexual harassment: This includes training about sexual harassment on inappropriate behavior. Normally this is included in organizational policies. Why training is important and Benefits from Employee by proper Training and Development There are several sources that the employee can train develop them selves. They can use organizational policies, procedures, safety manuals, online information on training and development. Employees are benefiting by proper training developments. It may increase moral , job satisfaction, motivation of employee, Enhanced the productivity, efficiency of employee resulting financial benefit to the organization, Minimized the employee turnover, due to the new technologies methods enhanced the production capacity Diversity Diversity energizes customer service, employee motivation improvement of moral of employee, decision making team performances. With rapid change of global market employment relationships have also emerged from the changing work force, information technology, and globalization factors. Currently most of the organization more concentrates on corporate social responsibility to compete with standardization of values and ethics of other organizations. Currently organizational behavior pushes the competitiveness. Considering the above facts organizational behavior, play major role in todays context

Internet Security Enforced Essay

The advent of computers and their related technologies has greatly impacted on everyday personal, academic, and professional lives. The internet has become one of the leading sources of information as many people prefer to access and analyze the information they need from the World Wide Web. The internet has so much information which is very accessible to anyone who has a connected computer, and this includes small children. Teachers, students, and educational institutions have increasingly relied on the internet for learning both inside and outside the context of the classroom. How these technologies are implemented however determines if their application is good (ethical) or not good (unethical). In this essay, the author seeks to explain how technology might be in use to cause good benefits to the society and bad benefits. One major benefit of technology is that it has created efficiency in everyday life. Computers can process large amounts of data with minute precision, and this application is in use by business organizations all over the world (Cohen, 1995). However, the information in the World Wide Web is accessible to many people, and if sufficient security measures are not put in place, this benefit could end up being abused. There is thus a need for software developers, organizations, schools and governments to work together in ensuring that technological systems that protect the integrity, confidentiality and privacy of information posted on the internet is ensured. Many unscrupulous individuals like hackers, cybercriminals and cyber-terrorists are always lurking to seize personal information from the internet with the purpose of orchestrating several types of crime. With the amount of money being paid in the black market for private information, hackers are always on the prowl waiting for an opportunity to cause havoc on academic institutional, governmental and corporate websites (Guangrong, 1998). The information they obtain ends up being used to commit crimes like online fraud, identity theft and espionage. With this unethical usage being a very probable occurrence, very robust security software applications like anti-spyware and anti-viruses must be made so that the integrity of information stored in the internet can be protected. As I stated earlier, as long as the computers available in schools and libraries are connected to the internet, there is no limit to the diversity of information school children can gain access to. Any implementation of technology must be made with the objective of serving the community it targets with benefits. The objective of information technology services in schools is not that school children can access adult material or any other information that can be of bad influence. This is where technology steps in. ffective technologies of combating unethical sites (that is the ones with pornographic material, hate campaigns as well as a variety of other unsuitable content) should be implemented in schools and at homes to protect the innocence of children (Guangrong, 1998) The more the internet technology penetrates, the more teachers and students are finding it a useful tool for teaching and learning (Fung, 1998). The internet sounds and looks pretty simple to anyone who does not reall y understand the technicalities behind it. The use of persuasive technology on the internet is one example of technologies that could lure both teachers and students in orchestrating the practice of unethical activities. Persuasive technology as used in the internet poses a very serious challenge to educational instructors who choose to deliver their services through the internet. There is a very high risk of persuasive technologies being used to intentionally or unintentionally make children submit sensitive information about themselves or their families without knowing the risks they are exposing themselves and their families to. By definition, persuasive technologies are those interactive technologies which are intended to change an individual’s behaviors or attitudes towards specific issues including social, sexual and political beliefs and practices (Ellison, Steinfied, & Lampe, 2007). They can also be used to promote healthy eating habits and awareness on environmental conservation. These are examples of technologies which can be used to promote good use of technology and also bad use as explained below. Intelligence systems designed to monitor the activities of employees as they log in and out of the systems in the workplace constitute a healthy of ethical use of technology since it ensures they effectively use the resources at their disposal for the benefit of their employer and themselves (Cohen, 1995). With social networking sites and chat rooms increasing by the day, employees are developing the tendency to waste a lot of man hours on these sites. Their productivity therefore goes down and the effect is finally transmitted to the economy. Additionally, employees can use office systems to do illegal things like spy on their employers or other entities. If persuasive technologies are put in place to monitor their activities, then there will be less breakage of law and ethics. The same persuasive technologies can be put in place to monitor the movement of employees in service provision stores like supermarkets, restaurants and bars. This could end up ensuring that they stick to etiquette like washing their hands after visiting the washrooms or after getting into contact with other unhygienic practices, but it is unethical since it undermines their dignity and creates distrust. The same applies to companies who require visitors to their websites to submit their personal information before utilizing certain services before using a certain utility, for example downloading a software package or accessing a certain article. Legally, technology can be used to ensure adherence to laws especially those formulated to control the process of conducting or dissipating information on the web. If monitoring software can be installed at internet gateways to track any illegal undertakings being conducted in the web, the culprits can be tracked down and stopped to promote the safety of other internet users. However, this in itself has ethical implications in that every bit of content will have to be checked, and the privacy of information will be compromised albeit by a law enforcing agency. The motive of monitoring agencies may be good, but it may be used to conduct morally unacceptable activities by all or interested parties. Finally, there has been widespread condemnation of censorship, particularly in the case of Google Corporation and the government of the People’s Republic of China. The Chinese government stipulates strict censorship of the media including the internet. Not every type of information can be accessed, and this is achieved by the use of inhibitors to the various protocols used to search for and access information. This directly violates the people’s right to information and is therefore not only unethical but also illegal. From these examples, it is evident that the internet and other tools provided for by technology can be used to constitute good and bad use.

British decolonisation in Africa Essay

Within the context of 1880-1980, to what extent did British actions accelerate British decolonisation in Africa? In the later years of the 19th century the scramble for the African continent by Western imperialist powers was reaching its climax. It appeared that the â€Å"dark continent† was to be no longer â€Å"dark†, but to be the product of Western colonial expansion with several European countries dividing up the land. No where was this more apparent than with Britain whose Empire was at its height at the turn of the century. Egypt, for instance, was a colony for 40 years (1882-1922) with its pinnacle at the turn of the century; however the decolonisation of the country as early as this is an anomaly in itself as only South Africa had previously been granted independence by the British, albeit as a self-governing dominion. In a bizarre turn of events which historians still debate today, the Empire crumbled and by the 1970s only two African states remained British colonies: Rhodesia and South West Africa. The Empire had taken the best part of a century to amalgamate, yet was mostly swept away in just over a decade. Many reasons have been proposed for the vast acceleration of decolonisation including economic difficulties at the metropole (Cain and Hopkins)1 and the rise of local nationalist movements (Hodgkin)2. More recently the actions of the British have been cited as a possible factor for the acceleration of decolonisation in Africa, marking a change in the historiography of the period. Turner3 and Lapping4 are promoters of this theory, which is gaining credence in the academic world. The 1945 election of the Labour party is a watershed in decolonisation acceleration. WW2 had recently ended which marked a shift in British culture and society, including a changed attitude to Empire. Interestingly, whilst many of the new Cabinet were anti-imperialists, the new government did not have a direct plan to fully decolonise. It was more a case of the Empire having to take a â€Å"backseat† to far more pressing matters: imperialism, in effect, slipped through the cracks of government. The party was elected on the mandate of and closely focused upon British welfare; the African colonies were working and therefore the government’s attention was deviated, however it was one of the actions directed at the metropole which accelerated independence for many colonies. The introduction of the Welfare State in 1948 led many Britons to consider the priority and indeed the importance of the Empire when compared to home-grown issues. WW2 brought increased globalisation and it is possible that through this many British citizens saw their needs ahead of the colonies: an archaic and out-of-date segment of British foreign policy. If the colonies had representation in the British Parliament and were a province of, rather than simply a colony of Great Britain, this attitude may have been different: French Algeria, for instance, was certainly more respected at the metropole then any of Britain’s African colonies. There is a debate however, as to whether the British public had undergone a liberal revolution or were simply acting with self-interest. White has theorised that the latter is true, citing that the reason as to why â€Å"the colonies were ditched was to release resources for domestic welfare spending†5. Moreover, the fact National Service was revoked in 1960 reduced Britain’s ability to defend its colonies against uprising nationalist movements: conscription was ended through self-interest, as the majority of British youths didn’t want to have to fight in the far off terrains of Sub-Saharan Africa. This further implies that the average British citizen was becoming disinterested by the Empire or, at the very least, impartial to its future. I will cover nationalism in greater depth below, but with such a lack of metropole interest, the Empire could not be expected to last long. The British action of electing a Labour government effectively, in an indirect form, acc elerated decolonisation for many of the African colonies. WW1 expanded the Empire both geographically and as a world power, with Britain gaining several new mandates from the Ottoman Empire. The geographical expansion of the Empire post-WW1 and the reluctance of the metropole to grant these new mandates independence6, imply that attitudes had not changed and many (both in government and in society) saw the Empire as a credible and useful segment of British politics: therefore, with the exception of the more economically advanced Egypt, African decolonisation by the British did not occur between the wars. Rather, many African colonies developed and became more stable societies. Take the Gold Coast for instance: between the wars its economy, communications and education became, to a certain extent, â€Å"Westernised† and the country flourished. Admittedly this led to the acceleration of nationalist movements in the area which, in turn, accelerated decolonisation, but the country was undeniably prospering due to the British-led government of the time.7 Many citizens of the African colonies (including Egypt and the Gold Coast) fought alongside British soldiers in WW1 and the respect and prestige for the peoples increased because of it. Indeed, the 1914-1939 era can be seen as one of the strongest periods of the British African Empire. This implies that a post-1945 factor (e.g. the Suez Crisis, see below) accelerated decolonisation. In comparison, World War 2 accelerated decolonisation at a far greater rate than many could have imagined just a few years prior. Effectively, the war established rather paradoxically that imperialism (both British and otherwise) was both positive and negative. Ferguson has noted that the British Empire sacrificed itself to stop the spread of the evil empire of Nazi Germany: indeed, the British Empire had â€Å"never had a finer hour†8 than when it was self-sacrificing. During the war it was inevitable that Britain would have to, to a certain extent, neglect the colonies to focus on defeating the enemy. Through this the colonies became more independent having to, for example, source resources and engage in trade without the aid of the metropole. Moreover, the colonial peoples had a greater influence on the running of their societies; in effect, many became informal dominions. This, combined with the policies of the 1945 Labour government, further fuelled nationalism which accelerated decolonisation; in a way similar to how the two World Wars improved women’s rights in Britain, the wars seemed to suggest that many colonies could govern effectively on their own. Previously, only the more economically and politically stable societies had been granted independence (e.g. South Africa, 1910) and several colonies (e.g. the Gold Coast) seemed to show similar traits during the war. The Second World War didn’t lead directly to decolonisation, but it is this British action which occurred because of the conflict that accelerated decolonisation in British Africa. The end of WW2 bought increased globalisation and a new world order, where the enemy didn’t appear to be Nazism or Fascism, but rather the expansion of the Soviet Bloc and the spread of communism: the Cold War was just beginning to ignite. Along with the notion of changed attitudes of the British people, there is also the argument that the Empire really didn’t fit into the new world. Now, the split between East and West had never been more apparent and British Africa looked like an oddity: along with the passing of new welfare legislation at the metropole and the changing attitudes of the British people, Britain needed to abolish the Empire for two reasons directly related to the Cold War: to concentrate efforts on halting the spread of communism and to appease the anti-imperialist US, who Britain now required as an ally more than ever before. Moreover, the world order was now unclear and Britain had far greater problems to worry about than what their small African colo nies were up to: put bluntly, the new threat of nuclear inhalation seemed more important than the political shortcomings of, say, Somalia. While WW2 does spell out more crucial factors for the acceleration of decolonisation, the Cold War is another smaller factor which just added to the need to decolonise. The post-WW2 economy is a further crucial factor in the acceleration of decolonisation. Britain was no longer able to withstand the fiscal costs of Empire; this was coupled with a lack of substantial profit coming into the metropole from the African colonies. Economically, WW2 was a great strain on Britain with the country coming out of the war in great debt; she required a loan of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½145million from the US alone9. Britain was exhausted and worn down, both figuratively and physically. Many cities required money to rebuild, some from scratch, plus food badly needed to be imported following years of intense rationing. Moreover, the introduction of the welfare state (see above) required significant funding. As said, attitudes to Empire were changing which, combined with the need for intense spending on the homeland, led to many seeing the African colonies simply as a drain on Britain’s already scarce resources. Britain made the situation worse: during the war she had und erstandably concentrated on producing munitions for her troops, resulting in fewer exports to the colonies. Many turned away from the metropole and looked to alternate suppliers, including their own land which inevitably fuelled nationalism further. Moreover, two acts (The Colonial Development and Welfare Acts of 1940 and 1945) were passed during wartime which forced the British government to further invest in the colonial economies10, therefore making an already problematic economic situation worse. It is possible that the government felt it was â€Å"backed into a corner† and simply did not have the patience or money to rebuild the colonies and the metropole: they had become, or at least had the potential to become, a major rupture on the British economy – a rupture Britain could not afford to fix, but only to cut out completely. In the early 20th century when British imperialism was at its height, Hobson11 saw the expansion of Britain in Africa as purely economic and an underhand method to help capitalists at the metropole – this opinion was endorsed by Lenin in 191 612 and, in an albeit modified form, by the historian Darwin in 1984: â€Å"more completely than ever before, economics and empire had come together†13. More recently, Cain and Hopkins14 have suggested that imperialism in Africa was established by â€Å"gentleman capitalists†15 who were simply aiming to make profit out of the African land. Of course, if this is the case, then with the post-war debt experienced in 1945 it would have been difficult to make money from these colonies, leading to decolonisation. The decolonisation of African colonies would effectively make Britain a richer country, therefore agreeing with the views expressed by Cain and Hopkins and others: the Empire had served its purpose of aiding Britain’s wealth but now it was draining it and, as such, it was time for it to go. The Suez Crisis of 1956 was one of the most decisive British actions in the 20th century to accelerate decolonisation in Africa. Former Prime Minister Harold MacMillan once remarked that it is â€Å"events, dear boy, events†16 which determine the success of a premiership. The term â€Å"event† is almost too light of a phrase to use when considering the Suez Crisis: not only did it annihilate Anthony Eden’s administration, but it was also the launching pad for many factors which saw British decolonisation vastly accelerated. There are two key elements of the crisis which paved the way to said factors: the deception employed by the imperialist powers of Britain and France, plus the apparent overreaction to a simple act of nationalisation by a head of state. Both these factors led to the reputations of the countries involved and international relations been damaged, as well as a decrease in trade. Britain was the driving force behind the attack hence she was particu larly wounded with the political and economic fallout: for one, the special relationship with the United States was harmed (Secretary of State John Foster Dulles claimed the British government had explicitly â€Å"lied to [him]†17) and, more critically for this inquiry, her reputation within the African continent was damaged. Britain looked small and corrupt, a mere shadow of her former colonial self; she was attempting to throw her imperialist weight around in a world which it didn’t seem to fit. Nasser had successfully stood up to the Western powers and won, thus undermining Britain and France, plus providing inspiration to the many oppressed colonies. However, it is possible that the reaction did not provoke the level of international condemnation that is contemporarily considered, showing a difference in historiography. To the African colonies, former British dominions that had experienced colonialism and anti-imperialist powers such as the USA, then yes, it is likely that Britain’s reputation was damaged. However, to other imperialists it is possible that the government simply appeared to be standing firm with a tyrant. World War 2 had been won only 11 years prior, hence the memory of what tyrannical dictators can achieve was still fresh in most leaders’ minds. Eden may have appeared noble and selfless, â€Å"destroying not just his own political career but a carefully-crafted reputation built up over more than 20 years†18 for the greater good of a safer world, or at least a more economically stable Great Britain. White has proposed that â€Å"there [were] a number of lacklustre continuities, rather than dramatic discontinuities†19 in imperialist policy following Eden’s departure: a government memorandum circulated in the immediate aftermath of the crisis, for instance, made no mention of impending decolonisation20. Suez was not so much a watershed, but a temporary setback in Britain’s imperial decline, indicating other factors are responsible. Economically, the Egyptian nationalisation of the canal posed a significant danger to Britain as 2/3 of the country’s oil utilised the waterway. The chief reason as to why Britain intervened in the first place (and, indeed, retained the Canal Zone in 1922) was that the government simply did not trust the Egyptians to efficiently control â€Å"the windpipe†21 of the British economy. Post-crisis, Britain’s humiliation resulted in a trade decrease and a â€Å"catastrophic†22 run on the pound, resulting in her appearing not only politically and militarily weak but also financially weak. This situation, which was caused by the Suez Crisis, meant that Britain could no longer afford to support the African colonies, implying that the British action of invading the Suez Canal Zone led to one of the factors which brought about the Empire’s collapse. Combined, these factors inspired nationalist movements within the colonies and general condemnation of imperial ism, which also accelerated decolonisation. The crisis is unique as not only did it, to a certain extent accelerate decolonisation, but it is also one of the very few examples of where a British action greatly damages the standing of the Empire. Prior to Suez, Britain was surprisingly cautious with decolonisation (with regard to Africa, only 4 of her 24 colonies had been decolonised at this point); arguably this was to retain an Empire, but also to ensure that the new societies were ready to govern. It was only following the Suez debacle that decolonisation accelerated, implying that previously Britain had took great care over the handovers of power. South Africa was a stable society when decolonised in 1910 and, looking further afield, so were Australia, Canada and India. To many other countries and colonies, Britain appeared now unable to continue to be the metropole of a successful Empire. After all, if the dictator of a former colony could cause a country such ridicule, how could they be expected to carry on maintaining a successful Empire? Comparatively with White23, Turner has called the crisis a â€Å"military failure and political disaster†24, whilst Lapping has referred to it as the â€Å"imperial cataclysm†25 in decolonisation acceleration. The crisis was highly influential in the eventual collapse of the British Empire in Africa but it did not lead directly to decolonisation, rather greatly accelerated it. The rise of nationalism within the African colonies inevitably accelerated decolonisation; advocates of this theory argue that for decolonisation to occur there needs to be an opposition force to the â€Å"status quo† government (in this case, colonial British rule), thereby giving the people a choice. Looking throughout history at the Empire as a whole gives this theory credibility: look at the violent independence battles of the 13 North American colonies in 1783 or India in 1947, and compare that to the peaceful colony of the Falkland Islands which still exists today. The previous decolonisation record of the British government, plus the 1947 granting of independence to India, no doubt sent the message that it â€Å"was only a matter of time† before the African colonies were decolonised. India specifically was the â€Å"jewel in the crown† of the British Empire and as such its decolonisation will have led many, both in the colonies and abroad, to see the Empir e as deteriorating. This accelerated nationalist movements within the African colonies, with India referencing the beginning of the end. After all, if India could be granted independence through a powerful and violent nationalist movement, then why couldn’t the other far less prestigious colonies? Indian independence inspired others to rise up and attempt to take back control of their lands, accelerating the decolonisation process for British Africa. Similarly, plus to reiterate an earlier point, the Suez Crisis accelerated nationalism: Nasser appeared to be the â€Å"David† who had managed to annihilate the imperialist â€Å"Goliath†. This inspired nationalism in other colonies to grow and attempt to take back control of their lands: after all, if Nasser could manage it then why couldn’t they? Harold MacMillan’s â€Å"Winds of Change† speech four years later further inspired this nationalism as, for the first time, the government officially acknowledged the ine vitability of decolonisation. The speech sent the message to many colonial peoples that nationalism was acceptable: for the first time in almost 100 hundred years, power was given to the Africans. MacMillan was acknowledging that the British government could no longer afford to sustain an Empire and would be willing to pass power to the local peoples if they should so wish. The speech had a great effect as over the next ten years 88% of Britain’s remaining African colonies were granted independence; by 1968, only two remained. Nationalism was suddenly acceptable which encouraged those who may have been content to be a colony to rise up against imperialism. This speech, combined with Britain’s poor economic situation and damaged credibility following Suez, vastly accelerated decolonisation. Moreover, the vast majority of British colonies were underdeveloped both economically and socially which further advanced nationalism. Take Nigeria for instance: the peoples were so against colonial oppression many began to â€Å"strike† from work – a surprisingly Western phenomenon implying the people were more integrated than they may have wished to believe. It is estimated that from 1945-50, over 100,000 working days were lost in Nigeria to strike action against colonial rule26. Even the Gold Coast (the â€Å"very model†27 of a colony) was not free of such demonstrations against imperialism: February 1948 witnessed a violent protest, resulting in the deaths of two British servicemen28. One only has to look at Kenya and the Mau Mau rebellions to see further evidence of increasing dissent with British imperialism. It had, to use the words of one modern historian, turned into a â€Å"rapid scuttle†29 of local nationalism. The Gold Coast was decolonized in 1957 but had been allowed to gradually master the art of modern government over many years, leading to a much more stable society post-independence, making it the â€Å"very model of decolonisation†30. In comparison, when Nigeria was swiftly decolonised in 1960 the government was a weak coalition with limited power – two army coups followed in 1964 and 1966. Britain’s damaged reputation in the continent prevented stable governments from being created, resulting in far more fragile states today. French Algeria (despite been a province of the metropole) saw terrible violence between the FLN and colons: to use a term of warfare, the Algerian nationalists utilised violent guerrilla tactics to spread their cause, resulting in a great amount of destruction and loss of life. Algeria bullied itself into independence in 1962 further showing that imperial metropoles were not as powerful as they once were. It is an exaggeration perhaps, but it can be said that the Suez Crisis was the first instance which led to these new states’ political and economic troubles which still exist today. Look at Egypt and South Africa today or, from a more international perspective, India and Australia, all of which were granted independence pre-1956 and compare them to the troubled states of Nigeria, Kenya (1963) and Somalia (1960). The acceleration of British decolonisation in the latter half of the 20th century is the opposite of what the government and imperialists like the legendary Cecil Rhodes would have imagined just 60-70 years previously. They had fought sometimes bloody battles for the expansion of the British Empire into the â€Å"less civilised† areas of the world, yet now the government was seemingly trying to get rid of the Empire in as rapid and inefficient way as possible. Multiple factors account for the sudden acceleration of decolonisation, but most come back to the actions of the British: if Britain had, for instance, provided more support and direct governance in a Westernised style (as seen in the Gold Coast), her colonies would have developed at a greater rate leading to a greater level of content from the colonial peoples. However her neglect and exploitation of her own people led to dissent within the colonies, leading many to â€Å"want out† before they were politically ready. The most pivotal British action which is continually referred back to is the 1956 Suez Crisis: for the first time in the Empire’s history, the British appeared militarily, politically and economically weak, causing many in the African colonies to quite fairly believe they could run their countries better. Nationalism was inevitable, and the international conflicts of the Cold War and the two World Wars couldn’t be stopped, implying that Britain herself was responsible for the downfall of her own Empire. If the crisis hadn’t occurred then the Empire would have faded away through gradual decolonisation as each territory became more economically, politically and socially developed; instead, the Crisis turned decolonisation of Africa into a â€Å"rapid scuttle†31, with Britain almost retreating into a corner trying to distance herself as far as possible from the embarrassment of 1956. Today, it is easy to see that decolonisation was inevitable; the Suez Crisis just accelerated that inevitability. One of the world’s greatest Empires was established by one of the most powerful countries in the world, so it is only fitting that it was destroyed by one of the most disgraced – it is just unfortunate they were both Great Britain. 1 Cain, P. J. & Hopkins, A. J., 1993, British Imperialism: Crisis and Deconstruction, 1914-1990 2 Hodgkin, T., 1956, Nationalism in Colonial Africa 3 Turner, B., 2006, Suez 1956: The Inside Story of the First Oil War 4 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire 5 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 32 6 Thorn, G., 2008, End of Empires: European Decolonisation 1919-80, Pg 16 7 McLaughlin, J. L., 1994, The Colonial Era: British Rule of the Gold Coast 8 Ferguson, N., 2004, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World 9 Rohrer, F., 10/05/2006, BBC News [Online] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4757181.stm] [Accessed 25/04/2010] 10 Chamberlain, M.E., 1985, Decolonisation: The Fall of the European Empires, Pg 35 11 Hobson, J.A., 1902, Imperialism: A Study 12 Lenin, V., 1916, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism 13 Darwin, J., 1984, British Decolonization since 1945: A Pattern or a Puzzle?, Pg 197 14 Cain, P. J. & Hopkins, A. J., 1993, British Imperialism: Crisis and Deconstruction, 1914-1990 15 Cain, P. J. & Hopkins, A. J., 1993, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1688-1914 16 Beckett, F., 2006, MacMillan, Pg 97 17 Wilby, P., 2006, Eden, Pg 79 18 Wilby, P., 2006, Eden, Pg 128 19 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 85 20 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 128 21 Wilby, P., 2006, Eden, Pg 96 22 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 84 23 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945 24 Turner, B., 2006, Suez 1956: The Inside Story of the First Oil War 25 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire 26 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 48 27 Thorn, G., 2008, End of Empires: European Decolonisation 1919-80, Pg 50 28 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 49 29 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire, Pg 227 30 Thorn, G., 2008, End of Empires: European Decolonisation 1919-80, Pg 50 31 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire, Pg 227